Deep roots of child labour in Pakistan

Child labour has deep roots in the Pakistan and in the neighbour countries mostly in developing countries. There are various reasons behined the childl labour in Pakistan. The child labour is also the factor of poverty and over population.
A survey of working children in the Lahore area of Pakistan, this study examines the causes of child labor and suggests preliminary steps for addressing the problem. Interviews with 360 randomly selected children yielded information concerning the following: the children's age, their reasons for working, 

who found them the job, the type of job, the average hours of work per week, their perceptions of the prosperity of others, their future ambitions, their maltreatment at the hands of employers, their average monthly wages, and the family's share of their income. As expected, the survey indicates that the reasons for child labor are closely associated with extreme poverty, the inadequacy of enforcement of elementary education laws, the lack of economic resources, and a high birth rate and large families. 

Working conditions for the children vary widely, depending on the employer's personality, socioeconomic background, and local customs. Often, however, working conditions are poor and the children are exposed occupational risks. A 1981 census revealed that 56% of Pakistan's children were unhealthy. The author explains that child labor also has a serious impact on the children's mental and social development, noting the lack of future plans among the children surveyed. Coupled with urbanization, child labor has disrupted family patterns. Compared to the labor they perform, the children's wages are meager. In order to begin to address the problem, the author suggests the following: 1) conduct a comprehensive study of child labor; 2) establish vocational schools that children of poor families can attend; 3) provide working children with recreational facilities; and 4) educate those parents whose children usually fall prey to abuse and exploitation.
The studies of child labour according to Pakistan National Bibliography on Child Labour

A Study of the Working Children in Awami Colony, Lahore
Author: Naseer A. Chaudhry
Publisher: Pakistan Family Welfare Council, Lahore, Pakistan
Year: 1992
Pages: 56
A Study of Working Children in the Fisheries of Coastal Areas Makran
Division, Baluchistan
Author: Agha M. Nasir
Publisher: UNICEF
Year: 1993
A Survey of Child Labour in Light Engineering Industry Gujranwala
Publisher: Labour and Manpower Department, Government of Punjab, Lahore,
Pakistan
Year: May 1999
Pages: 25
A Survey of Child Labour in Steel furnaces and Spare Parts
Manufacturing Industry. Baghbanpura, Lahore: A Survey Report
Publisher: Labour and Manpower Department, Govt. of Punjab, Lahore,
Pakistan
Year: 1998
Pages:

Blooming Colors, Wilting Children. Children working in the Carpet
Industry of Thar
Publisher: Thardeep Rural Development Programme (TRDP)
Year: 1999
Pages: 18
Bonded Labour in Pakistan
Authors: Aly Ercelawn and Muhammad Nauman
Journal: ILO Working Paper
Publisher: International Labour Organization
Year: 2001
Pages: 67
Carpet Weaving Children and Their Families “A Survey of Kalokey
(Sheikhupura) and Kalekey (Hafizabad)”
Author: Prof. Saeed-ur-Rehman
Publisher: Pakistan Academy of Social Sciences
Year: 1996
Pages: 53
Case Study on Child Labour in Hazardous Industries
Author: Dr. Azfar Khan
Publisher: Pakistan Institute of Labour Education and Research, Karachi,
Pakistan

Year:
Pages:
Centers for Lost and Kidnapped Children. An Evaluative Study
Conducted by: Department of social Work, University of the Punjab
Publisher: Publication and Public Relations Cell, Directorate General,
Social Welfare, Women Development & Bait-ul-Mal, Government of Punjab,
Lahore.
Year: 1998
Child Labour in the Football Manufacturing industry, Report of a
Research Survey
Author: Saeed A. Awan
Publisher: Directorate of Labour Welfare, Punjab, Pakistan
Year: 1996
Pages: 77
Child Labour Project Sialkot “Project Progress Report”
Journal: Social Monitoring Report
Publisher: Save the Children
Year: 1999
Pages: 31
Child Labour in Pakistan, Sialkot-Kasur
Publisher: Human Right Commission of Pakistan
Year: 1995
Pages: 23
Child Labour in Mardan and in NWFP: Mines
Publisher: Human Right Commission of Pakistan
Year: 1994
Pages: 11
Child Labour in Tanneries of Kasur “A Survey Report”
Publisher: Labour and Manpower Department. Government of Punjab,
Lahore, Pakistan
Year: 1998
Pages: 85
Child Labour in the Auto Repair Workshops in District Sialkot
Journal: A Survey Report
Publisher: Publisher: Labour and Manpower Department. Government of
Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
Year: 1998
Pages: 83
Child Labour “A Portfolio of Policies and Activities (1998-2000) Punjab
Publisher: Labour and Manpower Department. Government of Punjab,
Lahore, Pakistan
Year: 1999
Pages: 48
Child Labour in the Surgical Instruments Manufacturing Industry
Authors: Saeed A. Awan
Publisher: Labour and Manpower Department. Government of Punjab,
Lahore, Pakistan
Year: 1996
Pages: 81
Child Labour in Pakistan
Author: A. R. Kemal
Publisher: UNICEF/PIDE
Year: 1994
Pages: 32
Child Labour in the Brick Kilns District Sialkot
Journal: Labour and Manpower Department. Lahore, Government of
Punjab, Pakistan
Year: 1998
Pages: 83
Child Labour Information Awareness and Rehabilitation Programme
Author: B. M. Kutty and Mri Zulfiqar Ali
Publisher: PILER/ILO-IPEC
Year: June 2001
Pages: 25
Child workers in Construction and Related Industries in Pakistan
Author: Akmal Hussain
Publisher: ILO, Geneva, Switzerland
Year: 1992
Pages: 35
Child Work and Family Life in South Asia
Journal: LAPTAP Working Paper No.1
Publisher: ILO
Year: 1989
Child Labour Project Sialkot. “Social Monitoring Report”. April-June
2000
Publisher: Save the Children
Year: 2000
Pages: 24
Child Labour in the Surgical Instruments Manufacturing Industry
Journal: Report of a Research Survey
Publisher: Labour and Manpower Department. Government of Punjab,
Lahore, Pakistan
Year: 1996
Pages: 23
Child Labour in Pakistan “The Nexus between Structural Adjustment
and Dysfunctionality of the Education System"
Author: Baela Jamil
Journal: Child Labour Conference, Melbourne
Year: 1995
Pages: 25
Child Labour in Carpet Weaving Industry in Punjab
Author: Saeed A. Awan and Abid Ali Khan
Publisher: Center for the Improvement of Working Conditions and
Environment, Lahore, Pakistan
Year: 1992
Pages: 57
Children and Women in Pakistan. “A Situation Analysis 1998”
Publisher: UNICEF Pakistan
Year: 1998
Pages: 87
Children in Especially Different Circumstances, Baluchistan
Publisher: Social Welfare Department, Government of Pakistan &
UNICEF/ Quetta
Year: 1993
Pages: 10
Costs and Benefits Analysis of Elimination of Child Labour in Pakistan
Authors: A. R. Kemal, Zafar Mueen Nasir, Abdul Qayum
Journal: A report submitted to ILO
Publisher: Pakistan Institute of Development Economics (PIDE), Islamabad,
Pakistan
Year: 2002
Pages: 88
Discover the Working Child, “It’s a Beginning”
Author: Marie de La Soudiere.
Publisher: National Commission for Child Welfare, Government of Pakistan.
Year: 1990
Pages: 27
Enforcement of Employment of Children Act 1991 in North West
Frontier Province Pakistan
Publisher: NGO’s Coalition on Child Rights
Year: 1998
Pages: 25
Girl Child in Especially Difficult Circumstances (Punjab)
Author: Seemeen Alam
Publisher: University of the Punjab, Lahore
Year: 1995
Pages: 92
Health and Nutritional Status of Working Children in Brick Kilns,
Carpet Wearing Industry and Garages
Author: Dr. Narmeen A. Hamid
Year: June 1993
Pages: 72
Households’ Non-Leisure Time Allocation for Children and
Determinants of Child Labour in Punjab, Pakistan
Author: Burki, A.A., Fasih, T.
Journal: Pakistan Development Review (PDR)
Publisher: Pakistan Institute of Development Economics, Islamabad,
Pakistan
Year: 1998
Vol. 37:4
Pages: 6
Impact Assessment of Micro Credit Intervention for Poverty Alleviation
of Ex-stitcher Families
Journal: A Case Study of National Rural Support Program-Sialkot
Publisher: National Rural Support Program
Year: 2001
Pages: 34
Kids of Textile Paradise “Power Looms Working Children and their
Families” A Survey of Faisalabad District
Publisher: Directorate of Labour Welfare Faisalabad Region, Faisalabad,
Pakistan
Year: 1998
Pages: 80
Need Assessment study for Skill Development “Development of
Working Children and their Households in Liyari and Orangi Areas of
Karachi”
Author: Mir Zulfiqar Ali
Publisher: Pakistan Institute of Labour Education and Researchs
Year: June 1999
Pages: 37
Pakistan National Report of Follow-up to the World Summit for
Children
Publisher: National Commission for Child Welfare and Development.
Islamabad, Government of Pakistan
Year: 2001
Pages: 35
Preventing Child Labour in Sialkot. “Opportunities and Challenges”
Journal: Annual Report “Sialkot Education Programme”
Publisher: Sudhaar, Lahore, Pakistan
Year: 1998
Pages: 30
Proposed “Action Plan” for Elimination of Child Labour Through
Prevention Withdrawal and Rehabilitation”
Publisher: Directorate of Manpower and Training. Government of
Pakistan, Islamabad, Pakistan
Year: 2000
Report on Child Labor
Publisher: Research & Development Department. The Lahore Chamber of
Commerce and Industry Lahore.
Year: 1996
Pages: 8
Street Children in Karachi (Draft Report)
Publisher: Institute of Social Research and Development,(ISRD)
Karachi, Pakistan
Year:
Pages:
Social Protection Programme for Child Workers in the Soccer Ball
Industry. Sialkot-Pakistan
Journal: Hope “Mid Term Report”
Publisher: Bunyad Literacy Community Council
Year: 1999
Pages: 118
Socioeconomic Aspects of Child Labour: A Case Study of Children in
Auto Workshops
Author: Rana Ejaz Ali Khan
Publisher: The Lahore Journal of Economics No. 6, No.1.
Pages: 19
South Asia Girl Child Symposium
Publisher: Ministry of Women Development, Social Welfare and Special
Education. Islamabad, Government of Pakistan
Year: 2001
Pages: 44
State of Children in Punjab
Journal: End Decade Review 1990-2000
Publisher: Department of Social Welfare, Women Development and Bait-ul-
Mal, Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
Year: 2000
Pages: 78
Street Apprentices “Child Labour in Auto Workshops in Lahore”
Author: Yousaf Kamal
Publisher: Labour and Manpower Department, Govt. of Punjab, Lahore,
Pakistan
Year: 1999
Pages: 97
Study on Hazardous Occupations for Children Under 14 Years in
Sialkot District
Study: Final Report
Publisher: National Management Consultants (Pvt.) Ltd, Lahore, Pakistan
Year: 2000
Sudhaar Quarterly Report
Publisher: Sudhaar
Year: Sept 2001
Pages: 98
The Children of Sialkot Are Capitalizing on Opportunities. Sialkot
Education Program
Year: February 1998 – March 2000
Pages: 41
The Girl Child in Pakistan – Priority Concerns
Author: Dr. Sabeeha Hafeez
Date of Publication: 1993
Pages: 47
The Girl Child Shield Project Pakistan Assessment Report
Author: Dr. Elizabeth Carol
Year: June 2001
Pages: 25
The Girl Child Project Pakistan: Assessment Report
Author: Dr. Elizabeth Carol
Publisher: Department of Development Studies, School of Oriental and
African Studies, University of London
Year: 2001
Pages: 25
The State of the World’s Children (1988)
Author: James P. Grant
Executive Director of UNICEF
Publisher: Oxford University Press
Year: 1988
Pages: 86
The study on “Children Working in Brick Kilns”
Publisher: Institute of Social Research and Development, Karachi, Pakistan
Year: 1990
Pages: 32
Training and Education for Carpet Weaving Children: Socio Economic
Study
Publisher: Bunyad, Lahore, Pakistan
Year: 1999
Pages: 72
Working Children’s Futures Child Labour, Poverty, Education and
Health
Author: Rosarnund Ebdon
Publisher: Save the Children Foundation, Pakistan
Year: 2000
Pages: 45

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